pumpernickelandcoal: tikkunolamorgtfo: unlimitedgoats: imhere4thedrinks: Yeah this was a reach. All

pumpernickelandcoal: tikkunolamorgtfo: unlimitedgoats: imhere4thedrinks: Yeah this was a reach. All facts, but she coulda went a different route. How do people come out of pocket so confidently with the anti-antisemitism?? What kind of uninspired oppression olympics bullshit?? Okay, I have had it up to fucking with here themisconception that oppression and violence against Jews is somehow limited tothe holocaust. Here’s a timeline of antisemitism from ancient times up to theimmediate aftermath of WWII (highlights in bold): 586 BCE Babylon destroyed the temple in Jerusalem, andcaptured Judea and 10,000 Jewish families. 175 BCE-165 BCE The Deuterocanonical First and Second Booksof the Maccabees record that Antiochus Epiphanes attemptsto erect a statue of Zeus in Jerusalem. The festival of Hanukkah commemorates the uprising ofthe Maccabees againstthis attempt. 2nd century BCE Various Greek and Roman writers, such as Mnaseas of Patras, Apollonius Molon, Apion and Plutarch, repeat the legend that Jews worshipa pig, a golden calf, a head, etc. Josephus collects and denies the rumours.[1][2] 19 CE Roman Emperor Tiberius expels Jews from Rome. Expulsion is reported by the Romanhistorical writers Suetonius,Josephus, and Cassius Dio. 37–41 Thousands of Jews killed by mobs in Alexandria(Egypt), as recounted by Philo of Alexandria in Flaccus. 50 Jews ordered by Roman Emperor Claudius "not to holdmeetings", in the words of Cassius Dio (Roman History, 60.6.6). Claudiuslater expelled Jews from Rome, according to both Suetonius (“Lives of theTwelve Caesars”, Claudius, Section 25.4) and Acts 18:2. 66–73 Great Jewish Revolt againstthe Romans is crushed by Vespasian and Titus. Titus refuses to accept a wreath ofvictory, as there is “no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their ownGod.” (Philostratus, VitaApollonii)[citation needed]. The events of this period were recorded indetail by the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus. His record is largely sympathetic tothe Roman view and was written in Rome under Roman protection; hence it isconsidered a controversial source. Josephus describes the Jewish revolt asbeing led by “tyrants,” to the detriment of the city, and of Titus ashaving “moderation” in his escalation of the Siege of Jerusalem. 1st century Fabrications of Apion in Alexandria, Egypt,including the first recorded case of blood libel. Juvenal writesanti-Jewish poetry. Josephus picksapart contemporary and old antisemitic myths in his work Against Apion. Late 1st–early 2ndcentury Tacitus writesanti-Jewish polemic in his Histories.He reports on several old myths of ancient antisemitism (including that of thedonkey’s head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews“regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies” is hisanalysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaismand the polytheism commonthroughout the Roman world. 115–117 Thousands of Jews arekilled during civilunrest in Egypt, Cyprus,and Cyrenaica, as recountedby Cassius Dio, Historyof Rome, Eusebius, HistoriaEcclesiastica, and papyrii. c. 119 Roman emperor Hadrian bans circumcision, makingJudaism de facto illegal. c. 132–135 Crushing of the Bar Kokhba revolt.According to Cassius Dio 580,000 Jews are killed. Hadrian orders the expulsionof Jews from Judea, which is merged with Galilee to form the province Syria Palaestina.Although large Jewish populations remain in Samaria and Galilee, with Tiberias as the headquarters of exiledJewish patriarchs, this is thestart of the Jewish diaspora.Hadrian constructs a pagan templeto Jupiter at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem,buildsAelia Capitolina amongruins of Jerusalem. 167 Earliest knownaccusation of Jewishdeicide (the notion thatJews were held responsible for the death of Jesus) made in asermon On the Passover attributed to Melito of Sardis. 306 The Synod of Elvira bansintermarriage between Christians and Jews. Other social intercourses, such as eating together, are alsoforbidden. 315–337 Constantine I enactsvarious laws regarding the Jews: Jews are not allowed to own Christian slavesor to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism is outlawed.Congregations for religious services are restricted, but Jews are also allowedto enter the restituted Jerusalem on the anniversary of the Temple’sdestruction. 325 First EcumenicalCouncil of Nicaea. The Christian Church separatesthe calculation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover: "It was … declaredimproper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holyfestival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds ofthese wretched men are necessarily blinded…. Let us, then, have nothing incommon with the Jews, who are our adversaries. … avoiding all contactwith that evil way. … who, after having compassed the death of the Lord,being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by anunrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. … a peopleso utterly depraved. … Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, inorder that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides andthe murderers of our Lord. …no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews.“[5][6] 361–363 Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate,allows the Jews to return to “holy Jerusalem which you have for many yearslonged to see rebuilt” and to rebuild the Temple. 386 John Chrysostom of Antioch writes eight homilies Adversus Judaeos (lit:Against the Judaizers). See also: Christianityand antisemitism. 388 A Christian mobincited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orderspunishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christianexpense. Ambrose of Milan insistsin his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in theemperor’s presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the casewas dropped. Theodosius complies. 399 The Western Roman Emperor Honorius callsJudaism superstitio indigna and confiscates gold and silvercollected by the synagogues for Jerusalem. 415 Jews are accusedof ritual murder during Purim.[7] Christians in Antioch confiscate synagogue.Bishop Cyrilof Alexandria forces his way into the synagogue, expels theJews and gives their property to the mob. Prefect Orestes isstoned almost to death for protesting. 418 The first record ofJews being forced toconvert or face expulsion. Severus, the Bishop of Minorca, claimed to have forced 540 Jews toaccept Christianity upon conquering the island. Synagogue in Magona, now Port Mahon capitalof Minorca, burnt. 419 The monk Barsauma (Not the Bishop of Nisibis) gathers a group of followers and forthe next three years destroys synagogues throughout the province of Palestine. 429 The East Roman Emperor Theodosius II ordersall funds raised by Jews to support schools be turned over to his treasury. 439 January 31 The Codex Theodosianus,the first imperial compilation of laws. Jews are prohibited fromholding important positions involving money, including judicial and executiveoffices. The ban against building new synagogues is reinstated. Theanti-Jewish statutes apply to the Samaritans. The Code isalso accepted by Western Roman Emperor, Valentinian III. 451 Sassanid ruler Yazdegerd II ofPersia’s decree abolishes the Sabbath and orders executions of Jewishleaders, including the Exilarch MarNuna. 465 Council of Vannes, Gaul prohibited the Christian clergyfrom participating in Jewish feasts. 519 Ravenna,Italy. After the local synagogues were burned down by the local mob, the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great ordersthe town to rebuild them at its own expense. 529–559 Byzantine Emperor Justinian the Great publishes Corpus Juris Civilis.New laws restrict citizenship to Christians. These regulations determined thestatus of Jews throughout the Empire for hundreds of years: Jewishcivil rights restricted: “they shall enjoy no honors”. The principleof Servitus Judaeorum (Servitude of the Jews) is established:the Jews cannot testify against Christians. The emperor becomes an arbiter ininternal Jewish matters. The use of the Hebrew language inworship is forbidden. Shema Yisrael (“Hear,O Israel, the Lord is one”), sometimes considered the most importantprayer in Judaism, is banned as a denial of the Trinity. Some Jewish communities are convertedby force, their synagogues turned into churches. 535 The First Council ofClermont (of Gaul) prohibits Jews from holding public office. 538 The Third Council of Orléans (of Gaul) forbids Jews to employChristian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibitedfrom appearing in the streets during Easter: “their appearance is an insult toChristianity”. A Merovingian king Childebert approvesthe measure. 576 Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews achoice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseilles. 589 The Council of Narbonne, Septimania, forbids Jews fromchanting psalms while buryingtheir dead. Anyone violating this law is fined 6 ounces of gold. Thethird Councilof Toledo, held under Visigothic King Reccared, bans Jews from holding positions ofauthority, and reiterates the mutual ban on intermarriage. Reccared alsorules children out of such marriages to be raised as Christians. 590 Pope Gregory I defendsthe Jews against forced conversion. 610–620 Visigothic Hispania After many of his anti-Jewishedicts were ignored, king Sisebur prohibits Judaism. Those not baptized fled. This was thefirst incidence where a prohibition of Judaism affected an entire country. 614 Fifth Council of Paris decrees that all Jews holdingmilitary or civil positions must accept baptism, together with their families. 615 Italy. Theearliest referral to the Juramentum Judaeorum (the JewishOath): the concept that no heretic could be believed in court against aChristian. The oath became standardized throughout Europe in 1555. 629 March 21 Byzantine Emperor Heraclius with his army marches intoJerusalem. Jewish inhabitants support him after his promise of amnesty. Uponhis entry into Jerusalem the local priests convince him that killing Jews is agood deed. Hundreds of Jews are massacred, thousands flee to Egypt. Frankish King Dagobert I,encouraged by ByzantineEmperor Heraclius,expels all Jews from the kingdom. 632 The first case of officially sanctioned forcedbaptism. Emperor Heraclius violatesthe Codex Theodosianus, which protected them from forcedconversions. 681 The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud andother “heretic” books. 682 Visigothic king Erwig begins his reign by enacting 28anti-Jewish laws. He presses for the “utter extirpation of the pest of theJews” and decrees that all converts must be registered by a parish priest,who must issue travel permits. All holidays, Christian and Jewish, must bespent in the presence of a priest to ensure piety and to prevent the backsliding. 692 Quinisext Council inConstantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in publicbaths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews. 694 17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews hadconspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to giveall land, serfs and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. Hedeclares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken fromtheir homes and raised as Christians. 717 Possible date for the Pact of Umar, a documentthat specified restrictions on Jews and Christians (dhimmi) living under Muslim rule. However,academic historians believe that this document was actually compiled at a muchlater date. 722 Byzantine emperor Leo III forciblyconverts all Jews and Montanists in the empire into mainstreamByzantine Christianity. 807 Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid ordersall Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, withChristians to wear a blue one. 820 Agobard, Archbishop of Lyons,declares in his essays that Jews are accursed and demands a completesegregation of Christians and Jews. In 826 he issues a series of pamphlets to convince Emperor Louis the Pious toattack “Jewish insolence”, but fails to convince the Emperor. 850 al-Mutawakkil madea decree ordering Dhimmi,Jews and Christians, wear garments to distinguish them from Muslims, theirplaces of worship destroyed, demonic effigies nailed to the door, and that theybe allowed little involvement government or official matters. 898–929 French king Charles the Simple confiscatesJewish-owned property in Narbonne anddonates it to the Church. 1008–1013 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (“theMad”) issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. AllJews are forced to wear a heavy wooden “golden calf” aroundtheir necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members ofboth groups had to wear black hats. 1012 One of the first knownpersecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, HolyRoman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz. 1013 During the fall of the city, Sulayman’s troopslooted Córdoba and massacred citizens of the city, including many Jews.Prominent Jews in Córdoba, such as Samuel ibn Naghrela were forced to flee tothe city in 1013.Siege of Cordoba 1016 The Jewish community of Kairouan, Tunisia is forced to choose betweenconversion and expulsion. 1026 Probable date of the chronicle of Raoul Glaber. TheFrench chronicler blamed the Jews for the destruction of the Church of theHoly Sepulchre, which was destroyed in 1009 by (Muslim) CaliphAl-Hakim. As a result, Jews were expelled from Limoges and other French towns. 1032 Abul Kamal Tumin conquers Fez, Morocco anddecimates the Jewish community, killing 6,000 Jews. 1033 Following their conquest of the city from theMaghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrateda massacre of Jews in Fez, known as the Fez massacre.   1050 Council of Narbonne,France forbids Christians to live in Jewish homes. 1066 December 30 Granada massacre: Muslim mob stormed the royalpalace in Granada, crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacredmost of the Jewish population of the city. “More than 1,500 Jewishfamilies, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day.” 1078 Council of Girona decreesJews to pay taxes for support of the Catholic Church to the same extent asChristians. 1090 The Jewish community of Granada, which hadrecovered after the attacks of 1066, attacked again at the hands of the Almoravides led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin, bringing the golden age ofJewish culture in Spain to end. 1096 The First Crusade. Three hosts of crusaders passthrough several Central European cities. The third,unofficial host, led by Count Emicho, decides to attack the Jewishcommunities, most notably in the Rhineland,under the slogan: “Why fight Christ’s enemies abroad when they areliving among us?” Eimicho’s host attacks the synagogue at Speyer andkills all the defenders. 800 are killed in Worms. Another 1,200 Jewscommit suicide in Mainz to escape his attempt to forciblyconvert them; see German Crusade, 1096. Attempts by the localbishops remained fruitless. All in all, 5,000 Jews were murdered. 1107 Moroccan Almoravid ruler Yusuf ibn Tashfin ordered all MoroccanJews to convert or leave. 1143 150 Jews were killedin Ham, France. 1144 March 20(Passover) The case of William of Norwich, a contrived accusation ofmurder by Jews in Norwich, England. 1148–1212 The rule of the Almohads in al-Andalus. Only Jews who had converted to Christianity orIslam were allowed to live in Granada.One of the refugees was Maimonides who settled in Fez and later in Fustat near Cairo. 1165 Forced mass conversions in Yemen 1171 In Blois,France 31 Jews were burned at the stake for blood libel. 1179 The Third Lateran Council, Canon 26: Jews areforbidden to be plaintiffs or witnesses against Christians in the Courts. Jewsare forbidden to withhold inheritance from descendants who had acceptedChristianity. 1180 Philip Augustus of France after fourmonths in power, imprisons all the Jews in his lands and demands a ransom fortheir release. 1181 Philip Augustus annuls all loans made by Jewsto Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscatesall Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris. 1189 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa orders priests notto preach against Jews. 1189 A Jewish deputationattending coronation of Richard the Lionheart was attacked by thecrowd. Pogroms in London followed and spread around England. 1190 February 6 All the Jews of Norwich, England found intheir houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle. 1190 March 16 500 Jews of York weremassacred after a six day siege by departing Crusaders, backed by a number of peopleindebted to Jewish money-lenders. 1190 Saladdin takes over Jerusalem from Crusaders andlifts the ban for Jews to live there. 1198 Philip Augustus readmits Jews to Paris, onlyafter another ransom was paid and a taxation scheme was set up to procure fundsfor himself. August: Saladdin’s nephew al-Malik, caliph of Yemen, summons allthe Jews and forcibly converts them. 13th century Germany. Appearanceof Judensau: obscene and dehumanizing imagery of Jews,ranging from etchings to Cathedral ceilings. Its popularity lasted for over 600years. 1209 Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, humiliated and forced toswear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews. 1215 The Fourth Lateran Council headed by Pope Innocent III declares: “Jewsand Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shallbe marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through thecharacter of their dress.“ The Fourth Lateran Council also noted that theJews’ own law required the wearing of identifying symbols. Pope Innocent III also reiterated papalinjunctions against forcible conversions, and added: “No Christian shalldo the Jews any personal injury…or deprive them of their possessions…ordisturb them during the celebration of their festivals…or extort money fromthem by threatening to exhume their dead.”[12] 1222 Council of Oxford: Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton forbids Jews from buildingnew synagogues, owning serfs, or mixing with Christians. 1223 Louis VIII of France prohibits hisofficials from recording debts owed to Jews, reversing his father’s policy ofseeking such debts. 1229 Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, heir of Raymond VI, alsoforced to swear that he would implement social restrictions against Jews. 1232 Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh. 1235 The Jews of Fulda, Germany were accusedof ritual murder. To investigate the blood libel, Emperor Frederick II held a special conference ofJewish converts to Christianity at which the converts were questioned aboutJewish ritual practice. Letters inviting prominent individuals to theconference still survive. At the conference, the converts stated unequivocallythat Jews do not harm Christian children or require blood for any rituals. In1236 the Emperor published these findings and in 1247 Pope Innocent IV, the Emperor’s enemy, alsodenounced accusations of the ritual murder of Christian children byJews. In 1272, the papal repudiation of the blood libel was repeated by Pope Gregory X, who also ruled that thereafterany such testimony of a Christian against a Jew could not be accepted unless itis confirmed by another Jew. Unfortunately, these proclamations from thehighest sources were not effective in altering the beliefs of the Christianmajority and the libels continued. 1236 Crusaders attackJewish communities of Anjou and Poitou andattempt to baptize all the Jews. Those who resisted (est. 3,000) wereslaughtered.   1240 Duke Jean le Roux expels Jews from Brittany. 1240 Disputation of Paris. Pope Gregory IX puts Talmud ontrial on the charges that it contains blasphemy against Jesus and Mary and attacks on the Church. 1241 In England, first of a series of royal leviesagainst Jewish finances, which forced the Jews to sell their debts to non-Jewsat cut prices. 1242 24 cart-loads of hand-written Talmudicmanuscripts burned in the streets of Paris. 1242 James I of Aragon orders Jews to listen toconversion sermons and to attend churches. Friars are given power to entersynagogues uninvited. 1244 Pope Innocent IV orders Louis IX of France to burn all Talmudcopies. 1250 Saragossa:death of a choirboy Saint Dominguito del Val prompts ritual murder accusation. His sainthoodwas revoked in the 20th century but reportedly a chapel dedicated to him stillexists in the Cathedral of Saragossa. 1253 Henry III of England introduces harshanti-Jewish laws. 1254 Louis IX expels theJews from France, their property and synagogues confiscated. Most move to Germany andfurther east, however, after a couple of years, some were readmitted back. 1255 Henry III of England sells his rights to theJews (regarded as royal “chattels”) to his brother Richard for 5,000marks. c. 1260 Thomas Aquinas publishes SummaContra Gentiles, a summary of Christian faith to be presented to those whoreject it. The Jews who refuse to convert are regarded as “deliberatelydefiant” rather than “invincibly ignorant”. 1263 The Disputation of Barcelona. Duringthe Middle Ages, there were numerous ordered disputations between Christiansand Jews.They were not free and authentic debates (likemodern ones), but were mere attempts by Christians to force conversion onthe Jews. They were connected with burnings of the talmud at the stake and violence againstJews. The Disputation of Barcelona was unique, in that itwas the only occasion on which the Jewish representative was allowed to speakfreely. 1264 Pope Clement IV assigns Talmud censorshipcommittee. 1264 Simon deMontfort inspires massacre of Jews in London. 1267 In a special session, the Vienna citycouncil forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum (acone-shaped headdress, prevalent in many medieval illustrations of Jews). Thisdistinctive dress is an addition to Yellow badge. Jews were already forced towear. Christians are not permitted to attend Jewish ceremonies. 1267 Synod of Breslau ordersJews to live in a segregated quarter. 1275 King Edward I of England passes the Statute of the Jewry forcing Jews over theage of seven to wear an identifying yellow badge, and making usury illegal, in orderto seize their assets. Scores of English Jews are arrested, 300 hanged and theirproperty goes to the Crown. In 1280 he orders Jews to be present as Dominicans preach conversion. In 1287 hearrests heads of Jewish families and demands their communities pay ransom of12,000 pounds. 1276 Massacre in Fez tokill all Jews stopped by intervention of the Emir  1278 The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsoryattendance of Jews at conversion sermons. 1279 Synod of Ofen: Christians are forbidden tosell or rent real estate to or from Jews. 1282 John Pectin, Archbishop of Canterbury, orders allLondon synagogues to close and prohibits Jewish physicians from practicing onChristians. 1283 Philip III of France causes mass migrationof Jews by forbidding them to live in the small rural localities. 1285 Blood libel in Munich, Germany results in the death of 68Jews. 180 more Jews are burned alive at the synagogue. 1287 A mob in Oberwesel, Germany kills 40 Jewishmen, women and children after a ritual murder accusation. 1289 Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou. 1290 July 18 Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England,allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property becamethe Crown’s. Official reason: continued practice of usury. 1291 Philip the Fair publishes an ordinanceprohibiting the Jews to settle in France. 1298 During the civil war between Adolph of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, Germanknight Rintfleisch claims to have received amission from heaven to exterminate “the accursed race of the Jews”.Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewishcommunities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Röttingen (20 April),Würzburg (24 July), Nuremberg (1 August). 1305 Philip IV of France seizes all Jewishproperty (except the clothes they wear) and expels them from France (approx.100,000). His successor Louis X of France allows French Jews toreturn in 1315. 1320 Shepherds’ Crusade attacks the Jews of 120localities in southwest France. 1321 King Henry II of Castile forces Jews towear Yellow badge. 1321 Jews in central France accusedof ordering lepers to poison wells. After massacreof est. 5,000 Jews, King Philip V admits they were innocent. 1322 King Charles IV expels Jews from France. 1333 Forced mass conversions in Baghdad 1336 Persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace ledby lawless German bands, the Armleder under the highwayman Arnold von Uissigheim 1348 European Jews areblamed for the plague in the Black Death persecutions. Charge laid to the Jews that theypoisoned the wells. Massacres spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria. Morethan 200 Jewish communities destroyed by violence. Many communitieshave been expelled and settle down in Poland. Strasbourg massacre. 1349 Basel: 600 Jews burned at the stake, 140children forcibly baptized, the remaining city’s Jews expelled. The citysynagogue is turned into a church and the Jewish cemetery is destroyed. Erfurt massacre (1349). 1359 Charles V of France allows Jews to returnfor a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. Theperiod is later extended beyond the 20 years. 1370 Charles V of France allows Jews to returnfor a period of 20 years in order to pay ransom for his father John II of France, imprisoned in England. Theperiod is later extended beyond the 20 years. The Brussels massacre, an anti-Semitic episodein Brussels in1370 in connection with an alleged host desecration atthe Brussels synagogue, occurs. This is the end of the Jewish community inBrussels. 1386 Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor,expels the Jews from the Swabian League and Strasbourg and confiscates their property. 1389 18 March, a Jewish boyis accused of plotting against a priest. The mob slaughters approximately 3,000of Prague’s Jews, destroys the city’s synagogue and Jewishcemetery. Wenceslaus insists that the responsibility lay with the Jews forgoing outside during Holy Week. 1391 Violence incited by the Archdeacon of Ecija, Ferrand Martinez, results in the destruction ofthe Jewish quarter in Barcelona. The campaign quickly spreadsthroughout Spain and destroys Jewish communities in Valencia and Palma De Majorca. Thousandsof Jews are murdered or forced to accept baptism. 1394 3 November, Charles VI of France expels all Jews fromFrance. 1399 Jews are subject to Blood libel attacks in Posen. 1411 Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain asan outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer. 1413 Disputation of Tortosa,Spain, staged by the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, is followed byforced mass conversions. 1420 All Jews are expelledfrom Lyons. 1421 Persecutions of Jews in Vienna,known as Wiener Gesera (Vienna Edict), confiscation of theirpossessions, and forced conversion of Jewish children. 270 Jews burnedat stake. Expulsion of Jews from Austria. 1422 Pope Martin V issues a Bull remindingChristians that Christianity was derived from Judaism andwarns the friars not to incite against the Jews. The Bull was withdrawn thefollowing year on allegations that the Jews of Rome attained it by fraud. 1434 Council of Basel,Sessio XIX: Jews are forbidden to obtain academic degrees and to act as agentsin the conclusion of contracts between Christians. 1435 Massacre and forcedconversion of Majorcan Jews. 1438 Establishment of mellahs (ghettos)in Morocco. 1447 Casimir IV renews all the rights of Jewsof Poland and makes his charter one of the most liberal inEurope. He revokes it in 1454 at the insistence of Bishop Zbigniew. 1449 The Statute of Toledo introduces the ruleof purity of blood discriminating Conversos. Pope Nicholas V condemns it. 1458 The city council of Erfurt,Germany votes to expel the Jews. 1463 Pope Nicholas V authorizes the establishmentof the Inquisition to investigate heresy among the M*rranos.  1465 The Moroccan revolt against the Marinid dynasty, accusationsagainst one Jewish Vizier lead to a massacre of the entireJewish population of Fes. 1473–1474 Massacres of M*rranos of Valladolid, Cordova, Segovia, Ciudad Real, Spain. 1475 A student of the preacher Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan Bernardine of Feltre, accuses the Jews inmurdering an infant, Simon. The entire community isarrested, 15 leaders are burned at the stake, the rest are expelled. In1588, Pope Sixtus V confirmed Simon’s cultus.Saint Simon was considered a martyr and patron of kidnap and torture victimsfor almost 500 years. In 1965, Pope Paul VI declared the episode a fraud,and decanonized Simon’s sainthood. 1481 The Spanish Inquisition is instituted. The Inquisition was originally intended inlarge part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam.This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after theroyal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jewsand Muslims to convert or leave Spain. 1487–1504 Bishop Gennady exposes the heresy of Zhidovstvuyushchiye (Judaizers)in Eastern Orthodoxy of Muscovy. 1490 Tomás de Torquemada burns 6,000 volumes ofJewish mansucripts in Salamanca. 1491 The blood libel in La Guardia, Spain, where the allegedvictim Holy Child of La Guardia becamerevered as a saint. 1492 March 31 Ferdinand II and Isabella issue General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain:approx. 200,000. Some return to the Land of Israel. As many localities and entirecountries expel their Jewish citizens (after robbing them), and others denythem entrance, the legend of the Wandering Jew, a condemnedharbinger of calamity, gains popularity. 1492 October 24 Jews of Mecklenburg, Germany are accused of stabbing a consecratedwafer. 27 Jews are burned, including two women. The spot is stillcalled the Judenberg. All the Jews are expelled from the Duchy. 1493 January 12 Roughly 37,000 Jews are expelled from Sicily. 1496 Forced conversion and expulsion of Jewsfrom Portugal. This included many who fled Spain fouryears earlier. 1498 Prince Alexander of Lithuania forcesmost of the Jews to forfeit their property or convert. The main motivation isto cancel the debts the nobles owe to the Jews. Within a short time tradegrinds to a halt and the Prince invites the Jews back in. 1505 Ten České Budějovice Jews are torturedand executed after being accused of killing a Christian girl; later, on hisdeathbed, a shepherd confesses to fabricating the accusation. 1506 April 19 A m*rrano expresseshis doubts about miracle visions at St. Dominics Church in Lisbon, Portugal.The crowd, led by Dominican monks, kills him, then ransacks Jewish houses andslaughters any Jew they could find. The countrymen hear about the massacre andjoin in. Over 2,000 m*rranos killed in three days. 1509 August 19 A converted Jew Johannes Pfefferkorn receives authorityof Maximilian I,Holy Roman Emperor to destroy the Talmud and other Jewishreligious books, except the Hebrew Bible, in Frankfurt. 1510 July 19 Forty Jews areexecuted in Brandenburg, Germany forallegedly desecrating the host; remainder expelled.23 November. Less-wealthy Jews expelled from Naples; remainder heavily taxed.38 Jews burned at the stake in Berlin. 1511 June 6 Eight Roman Catholicconverts from Judaism burned at the stake for allegedly reverting. 1516 The firstEuropean ghetto is established, on one of the islands in Venice. 1519 Martin Luther leads Protestant Reformation and challenges thedoctrine of Servitus Judaeorum "…to deal kindly with the Jews and to instruct them to come over to us”. 21February. All Jews expelled from Ratisbon/Regensburg. 1520 Pope Leo X allows the Jews to print the Talmud in Venice 1527 June 16 Jews are ordered to leave Florence,but the edict is soon rescinded. 1528 Three judaizers areburned at the stake in Mexico City’s first auto da fe. 1535 After Spanish troopscapture Tunis all the local Jews are sold into slavery. 1543 In his pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies MartinLuther advocates an eight-point plan to get rid of the Jews as a distinct groupeither by religious conversion orby expulsion: “…set fire to their synagogues orschools…” “…their houses also be razed anddestroyed…” “…their prayer books and Talmudicwritings… be taken from them…” “…their rabbis be forbidden to teachhenceforth on pain of loss of life and limb…” “…safe-conduct on the highways beabolished completely for the Jews…” “…usury be prohibited to them, and thatall cash and treasure of silver and gold be taken from them…” and“Such money should now be used in … the following [way]… Whenever aJew is sincerely converted, he should be handed [certain amount]…” “…young, strong Jews and Jewesses[should]… earn their bread in the sweat of their brow…” “If we wish to wash our hands of theJews’ blasphemy and not share in their guilt, we have to part company withthem. They must be driven from our country” and “we mustdrive them out like mad dogs.” Luther got the Jewsexpelled from Saxony in 1537, and in the 1540s he drove them from many Germantowns; he tried unsuccessfully to get the elector toexpel them from Brandenburg in 1543. His followers continued to agitate againstthe Jews there: they sacked the Berlin synagogue in 1572 and the following yearfinally got their way, the Jews being banned from the entire country. 1540 All Jews are banished from Prague. 1546 Martin Luther’ssermon Admonition against the Jews contains accusations ofritual murder, black magic, and poisoning of wells. Luther recognizes noobligation to protect the Jews. 1547 Ivan the Terrible becomes ruler of Russiaand refuses to allow Jews to live in or even enter his kingdom because they“bring about great evil” (quoting his response to request by Polishking Sigismund II). 1550 Dr. Joseph Hacohen is chased out of Genoa forpracticing medicine; soon all Jews are expelled. 1553 Pope Julius III forbids Talmud printingand orders burning of any copy found. Rome’s Inquisitor-General, CardinalCarafa (later Pope Paul IV) has Talmud publicly burnt inRome on Rosh Hashanah, starting a wave of Talmud burning throughout Italy.About 12,000 copies were destroyed. 1554 Cornelio daMontalcino, a Franciscan Friar who converted toJudaism, is burned alive in Rome. 1555 In Papal Bull Cum nimis absurdum, Pope Paul IV writes:“It appears utterly absurd and impermissible that the Jews, whom God hascondemned to eternal slavery for their guilt, should enjoy our Christianlove.” He renews anti-Jewish legislation and installs a locked nightlyghetto in Rome. The Bull also forces Jewish males to wear a yellow hat, females – yellow kerchief. Owning real estate orpracticing medicine on Christians is forbidden. It also limits Jewishcommunities to only one synagogue. 1557 Jews are temporarily banished from Prague. 1558 Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph PaulMore enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protectionof Pope Paul IV and tries to preach aconversion sermon. The congregation evicts him. Soon after, the Jews areexpelled from Recanati. 1559 Pope Pius IV allows Talmud on conditions thatit is printed by a Christian and the text is censored. 1563 February Russian troops take Polotsk from Lithuania,Jews are given ultimatum: embrace Russian Orthodox Church or die. Around300 Jewish men, women and children were thrown into ice holes of Dvina river. 1564 Brest-Litovsk: the son of a wealthy Jewish taxcollector is accused of killing the family’s Christian servant for ritual purposes.He is tortured and executed in line with the law. King Sigismund II of Poland forbids futurecharges of ritual murder, calling them groundless. 1565 Jews are temporarily banished from Prague. 1566 Antonio Ghislieri elected and, as Pope Pius V, reinstates the harsh anti-Jewish laws of PopePaul IV. In 1569 he expels Jews dwelling outside of the ghettos of Rome,Ancona, and Avignon from the Papal States, thus ensuring that they remaincity-dwellers. 1567 Jews are reauthorised to live in France 1586 Pope Sixtus V forbids printing of theTalmud. 1590 Jewish quarter of Mikulov (Nikolsburg)burns to ground and 15 people die while Christians watch or pillage. King Philip II of Spain orders expulsionof Jews from Lombardy. His order is ignored by localauthorities until 1597, when 72 Jewish families are forced into exile. 1593 February 25 Pope Clement VIII confirms the Papal bullof Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome andAncona and issues Caeca et obdurata (“BlindObstinacy”): “All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews,their monopolies and deceit…Then as now Jews have to be remindedintermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since theyleft Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moraldoctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve to be exposed to criticism inwhatever country they happen to live.” 1603 Frei Diogo daAssumpcão, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alivein Lisbon. 1608 The Jesuit order forbids admission to anyonedescended from Jews to the fifth generation, a restriction lifted in the 20th century. Three yearslater Pope Paul V applies the rule throughout the Church, buthis successor revokes it. 1612 The Hamburg Senate decides to officially allowJews to live in Hamburg on the condition there is nopublic worship. 1614 Vincent Fettmilch, whocalled himself the “new Haman of the Jews”, leads a raidon Frankfurt synagogue that turned into an attack whichdestroyed the whole community. 1615 King Louis XIII of France decrees that all Jewsmust leave the country within one month on pain of death. 1615 The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz,“non-violently” forced the Jews from Worms. 1619 Shah Abbasi of the Persian Sufi Dynastyincreases persecution against the Jews, forcing many to outwardly practiceIslam. Many keep practicing Judaism in secret. 1624 Ghetto established in Ferrara, Italy. 1632 King Ladislaus IV of Poland forbids antisemitic print-outs. 1648–1655 The Ukrainian Cossacks ledby Bohdan Chmielnicki massacreabout 100,000 Jews and similar number of Polish nobles,300 Jewish communities destroyed. 1655 Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews to England. 1664 May Jews of Lemberg (now Lvov)ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuitseminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restoreorder, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed. 1670 Jews expelledfrom Vienna. 1678 Forced mass conversions in Yemen. 1711 Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writeshis Entdecktes Judenthum (“Judaism Unmasked”), awork denouncing Judaism and which had a formativeinfluence on modern antisemitic polemics. 1712 Blood libel in Sandomierz and expulsion of the town’s Jews. 1727 Edict of Catherine I of Russia: “The Jews… whoare found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at oncebeyond the frontiers of Russia.” 1734 1736: The Haidamaks,paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews. 1742 December Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsionof all the Jews out of Russian Empire. Her resolution to the Senate’s appealregarding harm to the trade: “I don’t desire any profits from the enemiesof Christ”. One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her ownpersonal physician and the head of army’s medical dept. 1744 Frederick II The Great (a“heroic genius”, according to Hitler) limits Breslau toten “protected” Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise theywill “transform it into complete Jerusalem”. He encourages thispractice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues RevidiertesGeneral Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft:“protected” Jews had an alternative to “either abstain frommarriage or leave Berlin” (Simon Dubnow). 1744 December Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders:“… no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy ofBohemia” by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses herposition, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. Thisextortion was known as malke-geld (queen’s money). In 1752 sheintroduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son. 1762 Rhode Island refuses to grantJews Aaron Lopez and Isaac Eliezer citizenship stating“no person who is not of the Christian religion can be admitted free tothis colony.” 1768 Haidamaks massacrethe Jews of Uman,Poland. 1775 Pope Pius VI issues a severe Edittosopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously liftedrestrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed. 1782 Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishesmost of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public recordsand judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded “quintessence offoolishness and nonsense”. Moses Mendelssohn writes: “Such atolerance… is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution”. 1790 May 20 Eleazer Solomon is quartered for the allegedmurder of a Christian girl in Grodno. 1790–1792 Destruction of most of the Jewish communitiesof Morocco. 1791 Catherine II of Russia confines Jews tothe Pale of Settlement andimposes them with double taxes. 1805 Massacre of Jewsin Algeria. 1815 Pope Pius VII reestablishes the ghetto inRome after the defeat of Napoleon. 1819 A series of anti-Jewishriots in Germany that spread to several neighboringcountries: Denmark, Latvia and Bohemia knownas Hep-Hep riots, from the derogatory rallyingcry against the Jews in Germany. 1827 August 26 Compulsory military service for the Jews ofRussia: Jewish boys under 18 years of age, known as the Cantonists,were placed in preparatory military training establishments for 25 years.Cantonists were encouraged and sometimes forced to baptize. 1835 Oppressive constitution for the Jews issued byCzar Nicholas I of Russia. 1840 The Damascus affair: false accusations causearrests and atrocities, culminating in the seizure of sixty-three Jewishchildren and attacks on Jewish communities throughout the Middle East. 1844 Karl Marx praises Bruno Bauer’s essays containing demands that the Jews abandonJudaism, and publishes his work On the Jewish Question: “What is theworldly cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly god? Money… Moneyis the jealous God of Israel, besides which no other god may exist… The godof the Jews has been secularized and has become the god of this world”,“In the final analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipationof mankind from Judaism.“ This probably led to the antisemiticfeeling within communism. 1853 Blood libels in Saratov andthroughout Russia. 1858 Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy whoma maid had baptised during an illness, is taken from his parents in Bologna,an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles. 1862 During the American Civil War General Grant issues General Order № 11 (1862),ordering all Jews out of his military district, suspecting them ofpro-Confederate sympathy. President Lincoln directs him to rescind the order.Polish Jews are given equal rights. Old privileges forbidding Jews to settlein some Polish cities are abolished. 1871 Speech of Pope Pius IX in regard to Jews: “ofthese dogs, there are too many of them at present in Rome, and we hear themhowling in the streets, and they are disturbing us in all places.” 1878 Adolf Stoecker, German antisemitic preacher andpolitician, founds the Christian SocialParty, which marks the beginning of the political antisemiticmovement in Germany. 1879 Heinrich von Treitschke, German historianand politician, justifies the antisemitic campaigns in Germany, bringingantisemitism into learned circles. 1879 Wilhelm Marr coins the term Anti-Semitism to distinguish himself fromreligious Anti-Judaism. 1881–1884 Pogroms sweepsouthern Russia, propelling mass Jewish emigration from the Pale of Settlement: about 2 millionRussian Jews emigrated in period 1880–1924, many of them to the United States(until the National Origins Quota of 1924and Immigration Act of 1924 largelyhalted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia). The Russianword “pogrom” becomes international. 1882 The Tiszaeszlár blood libel in Hungary arousespublic opinion throughout Europe. 1882 First InternationalAnti-Jewish Congress convenes at Dresden, Germany. 1882 May A series of“temporary laws” by Tsar Alexander III of Russia (the May Laws),which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object ofremoving the Jews from their economic and public positions, in order to“cause one-third of the Jews to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism andone-third to starve” (according to a remark attributed to Konstantin Pobedonostsev) 1887 Russia introducesmeasures to limit Jews access to education, known as the quota. 1891 Blood libel in Xanten, Germany. 1891 Expulsion of 20,000 Jews from Moscow, Russia. The Congress of the United States easesimmigration restrictions for Jews from the Russian Empire. 1892 Justinas Bonaventure Pranaitis writes The Talmud Unmasked an antisemitic andmisleading inaccurate anti-Talmudic work. 1893 Karl Lueger establishes antisemitic ChristianSocial Party and becomes the Mayor of Vienna in1897. 1894 The Dreyfus Affair, a controversy centred on the question of theguilt or innocence of army captain AlfredDreyfus, who had beenconvicted of treason for allegedly selling military secretsto the Germans in December 1894, takes place in France. At first the publicsupported the conviction; it was willing to believe in the guilt of Dreyfus,who was Jewish. Much of the early publicity surrounding the case came fromanti-Semitic groups, to whom Dreyfus symbolized the supposed disloyalty ofFrench Jews. 1895 A. C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitiqueUniverselle in Bucharest, Romania. 1895 January 5 Captain Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorablydischarged in France. 1899 Houston Stewart Chamberlain, racist andantisemitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts whichlater became a basis of National-Socialist ideology. 1899 The Hilsner affair, a series of anti-semitic trialsfollowing an accusation of blood libel against Leopold Hilsner,a Jewish inhabitant of the village ofPolná in Bohemia in1899 and 1900, takes place. 1903 The Kishinev pogrom: 49 Jews murdered. 1903 The first publication of The Protocols ofthe Elders of Zion hoax inSt. Petersburg, Russia (by Pavel Krushevan). 1905 Violent pogrom in Dnipropetrovsk. 1909 Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmondsrefer to “this new antisemitism, masquerading as patriotism,which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, with the connivance ofBismarck.“ Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that “theideology behind the new anti-Semitism [in Germany] was more racist thanreligious.“  1911 The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev. 1909 Salomon Reinach and Florence Simmondsrefer to “this new antisemitism, masquerading as patriotism,which was first propagated at Berlin by the court chaplain Stöcker, with the connivance ofBismarck.“ Similarly, Peter N. Stearns comments that “theideology behind the new anti-Semitism [in Germany] was more racist thanreligious.“  1911 The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev. 1915 The World War I prompts expulsion of 250,000 Jews fromWestern Russia. The Leo Frank trialand lynching in Atlanta, Georgia turns the spotlight onantisemitism in the United States and leads to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League. 1917–1921 Attacked for beingrevolutionaries or counter-revolutionaries, unpatriotic pacifists orwarmongers, religious zealots or godless atheists, capitalist exploiters orbourgeois profiteers, masses of Jewish civilians (by various estimates 70,000to 250,000, the number of orphans exceeded 300,000) were murdered in pogroms inthe course of Russian Civil War. 1919–1922 Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party)attacks Bund and Zionistparties for “Jewish cultural particularism”. In April 1920, theAll-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka ledby Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included manyanti-Jewish Jews. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for“counter-revolutionary… collusion in the interests of Anglo-Frenchbourgeoisie… to restore the Palestine state.“ Hebrew language is banned, Judaism issuppressed, along with other religions. 1920 The Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 ofold Yishuv. The idea thatthe Bolshevik revolution wasa Jewish conspiracy forthe world domination sparks worldwide interest in TheProtocols of the Elders of Zion. In a single year, five editions are soldout in England alone. In the US Henry Fordprints 500,000 copies and begins a series ofantisemitic articles in The Dearborn Independent newspaper. 1921 May 1–4 Jaffa riots in Palestine. 1921–1925 Outbreak ofantisemitism in USA,led by Ku Klux Klan. 1924 The National Origins Quota of 1924 and Immigration Act of 1924 largelyhalted immigration to the U.S. from Eastern Europe and Russia; many later sawthese governmental policies as having antisemitic undertones, as a great manyof these immigrants coming from Russia and Eastern Europe were Jews (the"outbreak of antisemitism” mentioned in the above entry may have alsoplayed a part in the passage of these acts).  1925 Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf. 1929 August 23 The ancient Jewishcommunity of Hebron is destroyed in the Hebron massacre. 1933–1941 Persecution of Jews inGermany rises until they are stripped of their rights not only as citizens, butalso as human beings. During this time antisemitism reached its all-time high. ·Lawagainst Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities ·Lawfor the Reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service (ban on professions) ·The Reich Flight Tax is used to expropriatefunds from Jewish emigrees. 1934 2,000 of Afghani Jews expelled from their towns and forced to livein the wilderness. 1934 The first appearance of The Franklin Prophecy on the pagesof William Dudley Pelley’spro-Nazi weekly magazine Liberation. According to the US Congress report: “The Franklin "Prophecy” is a classic antisemiticcanard that falsely claims that American statesman Benjamin Franklin made anti-Jewishstatements during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Ithas found widening acceptance in Muslim and Arab media, where it has been usedto criticize Israel and Jews…“ 1935 Nuremberg Laws introduced. Jewish rightsrescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law forthe Protection of German Blood and German Honor: ·Marriagesbetween Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden. ·Sexualrelations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindredblood are forbidden. ·Jewswill not be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood asdomestic servants. ·Jewsare forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. Onthe other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors. 1938 Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna,anti-Jewish legislation, deportations to Nazi concentration camps. ·Decree authorizinglocal authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days ·Decree empowering thejustice Ministry to void wills offending the "sound judgment of thepeople” ·Decree providing forcompulsory sale of Jewish real estate ·Decree providing forliquidation of Jewish real estate agencies, brokerage agencies, and marriageagencies catering to non-Jews ·Directive providingfor concentration of Jews in houses 1938 Father Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest,starts antisemitic weekly radio broadcasts in the United States. 1938 November 9–10 Kristallnacht (Night of The Broken Glass). In one nightmost German synagogues and hundreds of Jewish-owned German businesses aredestroyed. Almost 100 Jews are killed, and 10,000 are sent to concentrationcamps. 1938 November 17 Racial legislation against Jews is introducedin Italy. Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary. 1938 July 6–15 Evian Conference: 31 countries refuse to acceptJews trying to escape Nazi Germany (with exception of Dominican Republic). Most find temporary refugein Poland. See also Bermuda Conference. 1939 The “Voyage ofthe damned”: S.S. St. Louis, carrying 907 Jewishrefugees from Germany, is turned back by Canada, Cuba andthe US. Nearly all aboardperished. 1939 February The Congress of the United States rejectsthe Wagner-Rogers Bill, aneffort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from NaziGermany.  1939–1945 The Holocaust. About 6 million Jews,including about 1 million children, systematically killed by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers.  1941 The Farhud pogromin Baghdad results in 200 Jews dead, 2,000 wounded. 1946 July 4 The Kielce pogrom. 37 (+2) Jews were massacred and80 wounded out of about 200 who returned home after World War II. There were also killed 2non-Jewish Poles. 1946 Nikita Khrushchev, then the first secretaryof Communist party of Ukraine,closes many synagogues (the number declines from 450 to 60) and prevents Jewishrefugees from returning to their homes. Oppression of Jews was not a one-off thing that happened in Germany. It has been going on for centuries upon centuries. Look, slavery and anti-blackness are reprehensible. Antisemitism is reprehensible. They have both been going on for a long time. Oppression is not a fucking contest.  The Holocaust might have been a fairly short period of time (in which 6 MILLION JEWS WERE MURDERED), but anti-semitism did not begin or end with the Holocaust. People have been murdering and oppressing Jews since before Christianity existed. I’m not going to play Oppression Olymipics– Black people are in a fucking awful place and have been for multiple centuries. Anti-black racism is and has been a foundational legacy, especially in the US and has led to uncountable deaths. But why do you have to measure that against Jewish suffering? (Not to mention doing so disregards the anti-semitism and racism experienced by Jews of color). Both groups have suffered– more in some places and times, and less in others, but both oppressions are ongoing and getting people killed. -- source link

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