Map of Rome from the 1300s-1400s, showing Rome as a widow clad in black. This was made during the Av
Map of Rome from the 1300s-1400s, showing Rome as a widow clad in black. This was made during the Avignon Papacy (1309-1417), a period during which popes lived in Avignon, France rather than Rome. The period began when a conflict between the King of France and pope Boniface VIII boiled over, with King Philip IV accusing Boniface of sodomy and corruption and Boniface issuing a decree that anyone who did not submit to his authority would go to hell. After Boniface was badly beaten by French soldiers and died soon after, the French monarchs actively worked to choose and direct popes, forcing them to reside in France so that they could be kept under control. This was one of several serious blows to the status of the papacy, which eventually led to the Protestant Reformation.{WHF} {HTE} {Medium} -- source link
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